SIDEE LOO ABUURAA GANACSI GUULAYSANKARA

(London, January 20,  2011 Ceegaag Online)

QAYBTII 3AAD

Waa qaybtii 3aad ee barnaamijkii aynu ugu magac daray sidee loo abuuraa ganacsi guulaysan kara.

Qaybtan 3aad waxaa ku xigi doonaa tusaale aynu ku muujinayno waxyaalihii aynu hore u soo sheegnay inaga oo dhisi doona shirkaad cusub una dhamays tiri doona nidaamkeeda ganacsi (business plan).

Fadlan qaybtii 1aad ama 2aad qofkaan akhrisan waxaa laga yaabaa in ay qaybtani ku adkaato, fadlan dib ugu laabo qaybihii hore haddii aanad hore ula socon casharkan.

Maaraynta shaqaalaha (personnel management):

Beryahan dambe waxaa la isticmaalaa weedha ah human resource management halkii laga isticmaali jiray personnel management, taas oo macnaheedu tahay sidii loo nidaamin laha ama loo maarayn lahaa shaqaalaha.

Nidaamka ganacsiga (business plan) waa in ay ka dhex muuqdaan sida loo maaraynaayo shaqalaha, suaalahan hoose jawaabtoodu waxa ay kaa caawinaysaa in aad si fudud u nidaamiso shaqaalaha.

·         Mushahaarada ay qaadanayaan waa meeqa?

·         Taba barro noocee ah ayay u baahan yihiin?

·         Meeqa qof ayaa u shaqaynaysa shirkaddan?

·         Nooca shaqaalaha loo baahan yahay (dad xirfad leh, dad aan xirfad lahayn ama dad takhasus gaar aha leh) miyaa?

·         Halkee, iyo sidee aad u helaysaa shaqaalaha ku habboon shirkadda?

·         Ma jiraa nidaam ay raacayaan shaqaaluhu oo aad u diyaarisay?

·         Ma qortay qof waliba waxa uu qabanaayo? Haddii aanad qorin fadlan qor hadda

·         Shaqooyinka qaar kood, ma waxaad u baahan tahay shaqaale ku meel gaadh ah (temprory employee) mise waxaad u baahan tahay shaqaale muddo go’an u shaqeeya shirkadda (contract employee)

Inventory (alaabta taala shirkadda):

Alaab noocee ah ayaa taala shirkadda, alaab cayriin miyaa (raw material), zaad (supplies) (sida qalabka, raashinka iwm), badeecad diyaar ah miyaa (finished goods)?

·         Celceliska qiimaha alaabta kuu taala (waa imisa maalka-kaa galay qalabka shirkadda)

·         Dhismaha u baahan in la sameeyo xilliyada qaarkood (seasonal buildups)

Shirkaddaha alaabta kuu keenaya (suppliers):

Waxaad halkan hoose ku qeexdaa shirkaddaha ama cidda ugu muhiimsan ee kuu keenaysa badeecadda:

·         Magacyadooda iyo ciwaankooda

·         Nidaamka daymaha iyo siday kuu soo gaadhsiin karaan badeecadda (credit and delivery policy)

·         Taariikhda shirkadda alaabta kuu keenaysa iyo sida loogu kal soonaan karo (history and reliability)

·         Nooca iyo cadadka alaabta ay keenayaan (type and amount of goods)

Ma leedahay in kabadan hal supplier haddad u baahato mararka qaarkood (as a backup)

Miyay jirtaa cabsi aad ka qabto in ay alaabtu kaa kala go’do amaba waqtiga saxda ah lagu soo gaadhsiin waayo?

Qiimaha ay kuugu imaanayso alaabtu miyuu is bed bedelayaa mise waa wax taagan, haddii is bed bedel uu jiro sidaad ula macmiilaysaa?

Nidaamka daynta (credit policy):

·         Ma kuu qorshaysan tahay in aad deyn wax ku iibiso?

·         Miyay jirtaa baahi aad u qabto in aad deyn wax ku iibiso?

·         Haddii ay tahay haa, waa maxay go’aanka kaaga yaala in aad deyn bixiso? Meeqa ayaase ugu badan oo aad deyn ku bixin kartaa?

·         Sidee ayaad u ogaan kartaa in qofka deynta qaadanayaa uu yahay qof la aamini karo?

·         Haddii aad kordhiso muddada deynta maxaa saamayn ah oo ay ku yeelan kartaa shirkadda?

Maaraynta deymaha ka maqan shirkadda(managing accounts receivable):

Hadiiba aad kordhiso waqtiga deynta waa in aad kordhisaa si bil bil ah si aad u ogaato lacagta kaaga maqan macaamiisha isla markaana aad u feejignaato, si aad u yarayso deymaha.

Tusaale ku muuji deynta guud ee kaa maqan iyo bil walba inta aad filayso in ay soo xarooto,

shax ku muuji 3da bilood ee soo socda deynta usoo xaroonaysa shirkadda.

Waa in uu jiraa nidaam u dejisan shirkadda oo lagula dhaqmaayo dadka si caajis ah u bixiya deymaha taas oo noqon karta:

·         Goorma ayaa ugu soo horaysa oo aad wacaysaa?

·         Goorma ayaad warqad u diraysaa?

·         Goorma ayaad u sheegaysaa abukataha shirkaddu in uu la xidhiidho?

Maaraynta deymaha shirkaddu ay qabto (managing accounts payabale)

Waa in sidoo kale ay shirkaddu maaraysaa deymaha ay qabto sida deymaha ay ka qabto cida kuu keenaysa alaabta (suppliers). Tani waxa ay kaa caawinaysaa in aad nidaamsato sidii aad u bixin lahayd daynta iyo goorta aad bixin rabto. Haddii aad isku daydo in aad hore ka bixiso waxay kaa yaray naysaa  lacagta naqadka ah (cash), haddii aad gadaal ka bixisana waxa ay dhaawacaysaa wixii lagaa dhimi jiray iyo deyntii lagu siin jiray (haddii aad ogaato in ay dib kaaga dhacayso xiligii aad bixin lahayd waa in aad wacdo daymiyaha oo aad wargeliso inta aan la gaadhin waqtigii la iska rabay).

Shirkaddaha ama cidda aad wax ka gadanaysaa miyay kuu soo ban dhigeen haddii aad deynta hore ka bixiso in ay kaa dhimi doonaan sixirka badeecadda aad ka qaadato.

Tusaale shax ah ku muuji deymaha laga rabo shirkadda 3da bilood ee soo socda

Maamulka iyo maaraynta shirkadda (management and organisation):

Yaa maaraynaya shaqo maalmeedka shirkadda (managing daily activities)? Maxaa khibrad ah oo qofkaasi kusoo siyaadin karaa shirkadda? Maxuu xirfad dheeri ah qofkaasi leeyahay? Majiraa qorshe ay shirkaddu kus sii soconayso haddiiba qofkaasi ka tago shirkadda amaba awoodiisu yaraato?

Haddii ay shaqaaluhu ay kabadan yihiin 12, samee shax nidaamsan oo aad ku sheegayso sida loo kala sareeyo maamulka, kuna cadee masuuliyadaa cidwalba  iyo shaqooyinka muhiimka ah. Haddii aad raadinayso maal gelin si kooban u sheeg dadka hawl wadeenada ka ah shirkadda iyo cida iska leh ba.

Taliyayaasha iyo xirfad leyda (professional and advisory support)

Halkan hoose ku tax:

·         Golaha sare ee shirkadda (board of directors), ogow golahani waa gole uu soo doorto dadka samilayda ah ee shirkadda(shareholders), ujeedada loo doortayna waa in maareeyaan arimaha shirkadda.

·         Golaha hawladeenada shirkadda (executive directors), golahan waa golaha dhinaca maamulka gaar ahaan hawl maalmeedka (daily activities).

·         Guddida la talinta maamulka (management advisory board)

·         Qaybta sharciga ama qareenka (attorney)

·         Xisaabiyaha (accountant)

·         La taliyayaal (consultants).

·         NB: casharo gaar ah ayaanu ka dhigi doonaa waxa uu yahay iyo mid waliba waxa uu qabto iyo waliba waxa ay ku kala duwan yihiin. Board of directors, Executive Board, Directors, Managers, President, Chairman.

Cadaynta maaliyadda gaarka loo lee yahay (personal financial statement):

Marka lagu daro maliyadda gaarka loo leeyahy qof wal oo mulkiile ah ama saamiile ah, waa inuu tusaa hantida maguurtada ah amaba deymaha lagu leeyahay ee ka baxsan amaba maaliyada saafiga ah ee qofku leeyahay. Mulkiilayaashu wa in ay cadeeyaan hantida ay gaarka u leeyihiin ee ay ku maal galinayaan shirkaddan, bayaankani waxaa uu ku tusayaa wixii diyaar ah. Bangiyada iyo dadka maalgeliyayaashu ayaa badanaa u baahan warbxin tan.

Kharashka bilowga iyo raasamaalka (startup expenses and capitalization)

Waxay shirkaddu ay la kulmi doontaa kharash layidhaa kharashka bilowga ah (startup expenses) ka hor inta aanay bilaabin shaqada. Waxaa muhiim ah in si sax ah loo qiyaaso kedib waxaa suurto gal ah in aad hesho maal gelin ku filan shirkadda.

Xataa haddii aad samyso daraasad fiican, waxaa laga maarmaan ah haddii la furaayo ganacsi cusub in lagalo kharash ka badan inta lagu talo galay. Si kastaba ha ahaato e waxaa jira laba dariiqo oo aad ku samayn karto gunnooyinka u yimaada si layaab leh. Ta hore waa in aad ku darto hoos galis yar (padding) shay wal oo aad iibinayso. Talaabada labaad waa in aad ku kordhiso xarriiq kale oo la yidhaa lama filaan (contingencies) koot

ada aan la arkaynin. 

Latasho shirkadaha kale ama cid kale oo bilaabay shirkaddan oo kale si aad fikrad uga hesho inta silama filaan ah kharash ku soo galay. Haddii aad weydo warbixin sax ah , waxaan ku talin lahaa in aad ku talo gasho boqolkiiba labaatan in ay noqdaan kharashka aan lagu talo gelin ee kharashka bilowga ah.

Sharrax daraasadaada iyo sida ay kuula muuqato saadasha kharash yada (forecasts of expenses)

Sheeg meesha laga helaayo, cadadka, iyo shuruudaha looga baahan yahay deynta, sidoo kale si qoto dheer u sharrax inta ay bixinayaan dadka maal geliyayaasha ahi iyo inta ay boqolkiiba ka qaadanayaan mulkiilayaashu.

Qorshaha maaliyada (financial plan):

Nidaamka maaliyaddu waxa uu ka kooban yahay saadaasha 12 bilood oo faaiido ama khasaare ah, sidee u aragtaa lacagta naqadka ah ee kusoo galaaya (cash-flow projection). In aad ogaato nidaamka dhaqaalaha ee shirkadu waxa ay ku tusaysaa kolba heerka ay shirkaddu marayso.

Saadaasha iibku waxa ay ka imaanaysaa saadaasha iibka ee aad samaysay, qiimaha badeecada aad iibisay (cost of goods sold), kharashka, iyo faaiidada bil ilaa bil ee sannad walba.

Saadaasha faaiidada iyo khasaaraha ee 12-billod:

Dad badan oo ganacsato ah ayaa ka fekira saadaasha faiidada iyo khasaaraha ee 12-bilood ee sannadkii.

Faaiidada saadaashu waa in ay la socotaa ka sheekayn waxyalaaha ugu waaweyn  ee faaidada iyo khasaraha keena ama keenay.

Xusuusta daraasada ( Research notes):

Si fiican ugu taxadir qoraalka daraasada iyo qiyaasta ah ee aad samaysay. Sidaa daradeed waxaad gadaal ka sharrixi kartaa haddii loo baahdo warar dheeri ah. Haddii aad u baahato in aad ku noqoto qorshahaaga way kuu fududaanaysaa  hadhaw.

Dabcan, qor waxyaalaha muhiimka ah ee aad daraasaysay, gaar ahaan meelaha aad rajaynayso in isbedel degdegi uu ka yimaado.

Qorshaha saadaasha afarta sanno (three or five-year profit projection):

Qorshaha 12 bilood waa xuddunta qorshahaaga maaliyadeed. Laakiin qorshaha saadaasha shanta sanno waxa uu kaa caawinayaa saadaasha wixii kabadan 1 sanno.

Saadaasha Lacagta naqadka (projected cash flow):

Haddii saadaasha faaidada ay tahay wadnaha saadasha ganacsigaaga, lacagta naqadka ahi (cash flow) waa dhiiga. Ganacsigu inta badan waxa uu u guul daraystaa waxa ay bixin kari waayaan biilashooda. Qayb kasta oo qorshahaaga ganacsi kamid ahi waa muhiim (business plan) laakiin majiraan wax la mid ah iyadoo lacagta naqadka ahi ay kaa yaraato (run out of cash).

Waa in aad si kalsooni leh aad u daristo dhaqaalaha aad u baahan tahay inta aanad bilaabin waxba, cadayso kharashka wax lagu bilaabayo, kharashka lagu shaqaynaayo, iyo kaydka loo baahan yahay. Waxay daraasadani ay ku tusin doontaa in aanay hadhaw kaa yaraan dhaqalaaha aad u baahan tahay.

Diyaarinta saadasha dhaqaalaha shirkaddu ma aha wax adag waa wax waadix ah oo aad ku ogaanayso waxa aad haysato.

Lacagta naqadka ah ee aad haysataa waxa ay ku tusaysaa in raasamaalka aad ku shaqaynaysaa kugu filan yahay iyo in kale. Run ahaantii haddii lacagta naqadka (cash) ah ee aad rajaynaysaa ay u socoto dhinaca sii yaraansho, waxaad u baahan tahay lacag aad wax ku bilowdo. Nidaamkani waxa kale oo uu ku tusayaa in aad ogaato marka aad u baahan tahay deyn iyo in kale.

Sharraxaad fiican ka bixi qiyaasaha lacagta kusoo galaysa, tusaale ahaan haddii aad bil wax gado, goorma ayaad soo uruurinaysaa naqadka (cash)? Marka aad soo iibinayso alaabta shirkadda u baahan tahay (inventory) iyo qalabka kalaba, ma waxaa lagaa rabaa in aad hore soo mariso mise in aad gadaal ka bixiso? Arintani sidee ayay u saamaynaysaa lacagta naqadka ah ee aad haysay (cash flow).

Kharashka qaar miyaa lagaa rabaa in aad sii hori mariso? Goorma?

Majiraan kharashad aan caadi ahayn sida cashuur la bixiyo afartii biloodba mar, waxyaalaha dayactirka u baahan iyo dibu habaynta.

Bixinta deymaha, qalabaka lasoo gadayo, iyo waxyaalaha uu la baxayo cida shirkadda iska lihi badanaa laguma xuso cadaymaha faaiidada iyo khasaaraha, laakiin runtii waa lacag kaa baxyasa, laakiin hubi in aad gelisay lacagta kaa baxday.

Dabcan, hoos u dhacu kama muuqanaayo lacagta naqadka ah ee lahayo, maxaa yeelay weli maad eegin.

Maalinta la furaayo buuga lagu qoraayo kaydka wixii maaliyad taala (opening day balance sheet):

Balance-sheet (waa bayaan ama meel ay ku cad yihiin guud ahaan hantida (assets) iyo deymaha (liabilities) ay leedahay shirkaddi muddo go’an). waa waxyaalaha aasaska u ah warbixinta maaliyadeed ee shirkadda. Balance-sheet waxa ay tusisaa maxaa hanti u taala shirkadda (assets) maxaase deyn u maqan (liabilities). Deynta(liability) marka laga jaro hantida maguuritaanka ah (asset), waxa soo hadha waa xaqa uu leeyahay mulkiiluhu (owners’ equity).

Break-even analysis: si fiican halkan u fiiri.

Sifaynta nidaamka shirkada (refining the plan):

Uruurinta maalgelinta (Raising capital):

Bangiyadu waxa ay u baahan yihiin cadaymo wixii aad soo dalbanayso. Haddii aad rabto in aad qorshagaaga ganacsi aad tusto daymiyayaasha waa in ay ku jiraan:

§  Meeqa deyn ah ayaad rabtaa

§  Sidee maal gelintaa loo isticmaalayaa

§  Maaliyadani maxay dhamays tiraysaa, sidee ayayse ganacsiga u xoogaynaysaa.

Maalgeliyayaasha (investors):

Maal-geliyayaashu waa ay kala muuqaal ama aragati duwan yihiin. ugu horaynba waxa ay filayaan horumar aad u weyn. Waxaana ay rajaynayaan in ay ogaadaan wax yaalaha soo socda:

·         Maaliyadda loo baahan yahay waqtiga gaaban (funds needed short-term)

·         Maalgalinta loo baahan yahay laba ila shan sanno (funds needed in two to five years)

·         Sidee shirkaddu u isticmaalaysaa maal gelinta? Maal gelin tani ma tahay mid dhamys tiri karta baahida shirkadda?

·         Goorma ayaa la rajaynyaa in ay soo laabato maal-gelinta la sameeyay (estimated return on investment)

·         Nidaamka maal-geliyayaashu uga baxayaan haddii ay waxba socon waayaan (exit strategy for investors)

·         Boqolkiiba imisa ayay mulkiilayaashu ka qaadanayaan saami layda (waa in ay jirtaa qiime ay isla ogyihiin oo ay mulkiilayaashu ka qaadanayaan saamilayda maadama la rabo in ay shirkadda faaiido soo saarto)

·         Fara gelin intee leeg ayay saamilaydu ay ku leedahay maamulka shirkadda

Nooca ganacsiga (Type of  business):

Shirkadaha wax soo saara (manufacturing):

• ·         Nidaaminta heerarka tacab soo saar (planned production levels)

• ·         Qiimaha dariiqyada wax soo saar (prices per product line)

• ·         Faaiidada guud

• ·         Xadidida cadadka wax soo saarka (limit amount of production)

• ·         Awooda wax soo saarka qalabka

• ·         Nidaamka maamulida alaabta lasoo iibinaayo

Adeega ganacsiyada (service businesses):

·         Shirkaddaha iibiya adeegyada ganacsigu waxa ay ii biyaan badeecad aan lataaban karin (intangible produts). Badanaa waa ay ka dhib yar yihiin ganacsiyada kale, laakiin waxa ay leeyihiin qiimo shaqaale aad u sareeya iyo guud ahaan hantida maguurtada oon badnayn.

• ·         Waa maxay meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee ay shirkaddani ku tartamaysaa ama ku loollamaysaa?

• ·         Sixirka ama qiimaha wax iibinta

• ·         Qaabka loo dejinaayo sixirka qiimaha

• ·         Sida loo maamulaayo wax soo saarka

• ·         Nidaamka loo ilaalinaayo tayada, heerka, ama heerka tayada shirkadda.

• ·         Sidee ayaad u cabiraysaa heerka wax soo saar ee shaqaalaha

• ·         Boqolkiiba imisa shaqo ayay shirkaddo kale kusiiyaan? Wax faaiido ah ma ka heshaa shirkaddu.

• ·         Deymaha bixinta iyo nidaamyada loo soo uruurinaayo

• ·         Nidaamka loo ilaalinaayo macaamiisha

Ganaciga tafaariiqda ah (Retail business)

Sawirka shirkadda (company image)

Sixir goynta (pricing):

·         Sharaxaad ka bixi qorshaha sixir kordhinta (markup policy).

·         Sixirka qiimuhu waa in uu noqdaa mid faaiido dhalaaya, oo ah mid loollamaaya iyadoo loo eegaayo sawirka shirkadda.

Waxaa jira kelmado afsoomaaliga inta badan ku adag in lagu sheego, laakiin waxaan samayn doonaa cashar gaar ah oo aan kelmadaha u baahan in la sharraxo aan ku qeexi doono inshaLLAAH.

 Lasoco qaybta 4aad.

Mustafe Ibraahim mustaf1970@hotmail.co.uk

Uk.

webmaster@ceegaag.com